A. BACKGROUND
Sometimes we may find some words like perform, performs, performed, and performance. The words perform, performs, and performed occur because of grammar conditioning, but the word performance occurs without grammar conditioning process. Perform, performs, and performed belong to verb, but performance belongs to noun. We may say that perform, performs, and performed, are the variant of the word perform which occur because of grammar conditioning. The word performance is not a variant of the word perform, because performance is not a verb as those. The performance is a noun which is derived from a verb perform. One may confused because of those words (perform, performs, performed, and performance). The relationship between performance and perform is not in the word forms but between lexeme. Bahasa Indonesia is also same as English which has affixation process in marking the phrase. As can be seen in this example, ‘hidup’ is an adjective. When we add affix ‘ke-‘ and ‘-an’ in that word, the word will become ‘kehidupan’ (ke-hidup-an). ‘kehidupan’ is a noun. Another example is when we add affix ‘meng-‘ and ‘-kan’ to the word ‘hidup’, it will become ‘menghidupkan’ (meng-hidup-kan). ‘menghidupkan’ is a verb. Therefore the function of affix ‘ke-‘ and ‘-an’ is a noun marker of ‘hidup’ and ‘meng-‘ and ‘-kan’ is a verb marker of ‘hidup’. We can find many verb, noun, adjective, and adverb markers in Bahasa Indonesia’s vocabularies or phrases. Indonesia has many culture with different language. Java with its language, Sumatra with its language, Sasak, Bima, Sulawesi, Papua with their own language. However, when those people speak Bahasa Indonesia, they will use their own style in expressing the language. Sometimes they (community language) modify Bahasa Indonesia whatever they want in a consensus, for example, Java with its own style, Ambon, Makassar, Bali, Sasak, Bima, Kupang, etc. All of community spoken style are unique, but Kupang spoken style is the most unique.
Kupang spoken style does not have affixation process in marking what kind the phrases they are and always shortening some phrases, for example, ‘kasih mati’ for ‘mematikan’ (switch off/turn off), ‘pergi beli’ for ‘membeli’ (buying), ‘su’ for ‘sudah’ (already), etc. Many people will be curious about Kupang spoken style because of its unique.
B. FRAME OF THOUGHT
The word derivation is from the verb ‘derive’ which means come from. The attachment of -tion, make the word ‘derive’ become ‘derivation’ as noun. The concept of derivation is closely related to ‘affixes’ which is divided into prefixes and suffixes. According to William O’grady, derivation forms a word with a meaning and category distinct from its base word, through the addition of an affix. In linguistics, derivation is the process of forming a new word on the basis of an existing word,
e.g. happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from determine.(Wikipedia). So derivation is a process of creating a new word by adding or attaching an affix or some affixes, it changes the word class, word shape, and the meaning, but sometimes it does not change the word class and the word shape.
There are two kinds of derivation : Derivational affixes The process of derivation by attaching the affix and it changes the word class and the word shape, for example :
Happy (adjective) + ness –> happiness (noun)
Hope (noun) + ful –>
hopeful (adjective) Zero derivational (conversion)
The process derivation without attaching any affixes, it changes the word class but does not change the shape of the word, for example : Help (verb) + Ø –> help (noun) Glue (noun) + Ø –> glue (verb) Hope (verb) + Ø –> hope (noun) Fear (verb) + Ø –> fear (noun) From the example, we can see that the class of those words are changed, but the shape of those words do not change. In the derivation, the suffixation process always changes the word class of the base form or the root. For example, the word stupidity. The base word or the root of the word stupidity is stupid. The word stupid is adjective, when the word stupid is attached to the suffix –ity, it becomes stupidity. The word class is changed from adjective into noun. Stupid (adjective) + ity –> stupidity (noun) Help (noun) + ful –> helpful (adjective) On the other hand, in the process of attaching prefix to the base root, it does not change the word class. It just change the meaning of the word, but does not change the word class.
For example, the word happy and unhappy. The word happy is adjective and when the word happy is attached by prefix un-, it becomes unhappy, but it is still adjective. The prefix un- only change the meaning of happy but it does not change the word class. Un + happy (adjective) –> unhappy (adjective) Re + start (verb) –> restart (verb) Other examples are in the table below. Affix Change Examples Prefixes anti N->N antiabortion, antibiotic de V->V deactivate, demystify dis V->V discontinue, disobey ex N->N ex-president, ex-wife in A->A incompetent, incomplete mis V->V misidentify, misunderstanding re V->V redo, restart un 1 A->A unhappy, unfair un 2 V->V untie, undo Affixes occur in open-class ( noun, verb, adjective and adverb). 1. Noun Nouns derived from nouns Friend –> friendship Prince –> princess History –> historian Nouns derived from verbs Speak –> speaker Help –> help (zero derivation) Perform –> performance Nouns derived from adjective Happy –> happiness Stupid –> stupidity Radical –> radicalism Verb Verbs derived from verbs Paint –> repaint Tie –> untie Compose –> decompose Verbs derived from nouns Danger –> endanger Glue –> glue (zero derivation) Bath –> bathe Verbs derived from adjectives Fast –> fasten Modern –> modernize Quick –> quicken Adjective Adjectives derived from adjective Legal –> illegal Touchable –> untouchable Confident –> confidential Adjectives derived from nouns Leg –> legged Danger –> dangerous Adjectives derived from verbs Confuse –> confused Protect –> protected Adverb Adverbs derived from adjectives Quick –> quickly Slow –> slowly Fast –> fast (zero derivation)
C. DISCUSSION
As can be seen in the Frame of Thought, English has affixation process in marking the open class (noun, verb, adjective, and adverb) whether they are noun, verb, adjective, or adverb. Moreover, Bahasa Indonesia is also like that. Bahasa Indonesia also experience affixation process. However, Kupang spoken style is totally different. Kupang spoken style does not need an affix or some affixes to mark the open class (noun, verb, adverb, and adjective). It just needs the word ‘kasih’, sometimes Kupang people make it shorten as ‘kas’ and ‘pergi’, sometimes Kupang people make it shorten as ‘pi’ as the markers. Kupang spoken style: using no affix and shortening some verbs, is the unique part in expressing Bahasa Indonesia. No affixation in Kupang Spoken Style. a) The use of ‘kasih’ before some phrases. The marker ‘kasih’ placed before an adjective used for verb marking. However, the word ‘kasih’ is not also as the marker, but also means ‘memberi’ (give/giving). It will be meant as ‘memberi’ (give/giving) if the word ‘kasih’ placed before a noun. a. Kasih + adjective = verb Kasih Mati –> mematikan (switch off) Kasih hidup –> menghidupkan (switch on) Kasih hancur –> menghancurkan (smash) Kasih cepat –> mempercepat (quicken) Kasih turun –> menurunkan (put down) 2. Kasih + noun = memberi (give/giving) Kasih uang –> memberi uang (give money) Kasih makan –> memberi makan (feed) Kasih buku –> memberi buku (give a book) Kasih ayam –> memberi ayam (give a hen) b) The use of ‘pergi’ before a phrase. The marker ‘pergi’ always placed before a verb. Sometimes, the function of ‘pergi’ is the same as suffix me- in Bahasa Indonesia as in some examples below: Pergi beli —> membeli Pergi makan —> memakan Pergi ambil —> mengambil However, sometimes, the function of ‘pergi’ is not the same as suffix me-, because Kupang people say ‘pergi belajar’ or ‘pi belajar’. In that phrase, the word ‘pergi’ show that the subject is an agent or the doer. Moreover, the word ‘pergi’ is also as an ‘active marker’ of the sentence. In Kupang spoken style, there is no passive sentence. It just the active sentence. • Shortening some vocabularies Shortening some vocabularies in Kupang spoken style is also interesting. If one listen carefully, not all the vocabularies are to be shortened by Kupang people, but just some of them. One cannot predict what kind of open class (noun, adjective, adverb, or verb) which can be shortened. Here are some vocabularies which are shortened by Kupang people: Jang = jangan Son = sonde/tidak Pi = pergi Su = sudah Mo = mau Deng = deng Tlalu = terlalu Kici = kecil Ana = anak Dong = dorang/mereka Be = beta/saya Baptua = Bapak Tua Mamtua = Mama Tua Pung = punya Sometimes one confused about shortening the words. They think that all the words can be shortened, but it is wrong, for example, we cannot shorten the word ‘makan’ become ‘mak’ as Kupang people do in ‘sudah’ become ‘su’. One also cannot say ‘non’ for ‘nonton’ or ‘deng’ for ‘dengar’. There is no rule in shortening those words. It happens naturally in Kupang language community.
D. CONCLUSION
Kupang spoken style does not have affixation process in marking what kind the phrases they are and always shortening some phrases. Kupang spoken style does not need an affix or some affixes to mark the open class (noun, verb, adverb, and adjective). Not all the vocabularies are to be shortened by Kupang people, but just some of them. One cannot predict what kind of open class (noun, adjective, adverb, or verb) which can be shortened.
